Fuel Parameters
Built-in Fuels
| Fuel | Stoich AFR | Tai (K) | Charge Cool (K) | SL (m/s) |
| 91 AKI Gasoline | 14.7 | 677 | 12 | 0.42 |
| 93 AKI Gasoline | 14.7 | 694 | 12 | 0.42 |
| E50 | 11.85 | 717 | 36 | 0.51 |
| E85 | 9.8 | 720 | 49 | 0.54 |
| Ethanol E100 | 9.0 | 740 | 60 | 0.60 |
Knock Resistance Mechanism
Ethanol's knock resistance comes from two sources:
1. Charge cooling — high heat of vaporisation absorbs heat from intake charge
2. Arrhenius kinetics — higher activation energy slows autoignition
Arrhenius Ignition Delay
τ_delay [s] = A × P^(-n) × exp(Ea/R / T_crank)
*Sources: Douaud & Eyzat (1978); Cancino et al. (2010)*