References & Sources

All formulas, constants, and physical models are derived from peer-reviewed

engineering literature and SAE technical papers.

Primary References

Heywood, J.B. (1988)

*Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals*. McGraw-Hill.

ISBN 0-07-028637-X.

Primary source for combustion thermodynamics, knock modelling, VE, and BMEP pipeline.

Blair, G.P. (1999)

*Design and Simulation of Four-Stroke Engines*. SAE International.

ISBN 0-7680-0440-3.

Manifold acoustic resonance models, wave action, cam timing effects on VE.

Turns, S.R. (2011)

*An Introduction to Combustion*, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill.

ISBN 978-0-07-338175-6.

Laminar and turbulent flame speed correlations, Arrhenius kinetics.

Watson, N. & Janota, M.S. (1982)

*Turbocharging the Internal Combustion Engine*. Macmillan.

ISBN 0-333-24290-4.

Turbocharger compressor map analysis, turbine energy balance, EMAP modelling.

SAE 850345 — Beretta et al. Flame development analysis from ionization probe data.
SAE 902135 — Combustion phasing and MBT timing data across engine families.
SAE 971600 — Flame speed correlations and turbulence intensity measurements.
SAE 2012-01-1275 — Kasseris & Heywood. Charge cooling effects for ethanol fuels.

Douaud, A.M. & Eyzat, P. (1978)

Four-octane-number method for predicting the anti-knock behavior of fuels and

engines. SAE Paper 780080. Arrhenius ignition delay parameters.

Cancino, L.R. et al. (2010)

Experimental and numerical study of the auto-ignition of ethanol and ethanol/gasoline

mixtures. *Combustion and Flame* 158:1780–1788.

Vizard, D. (1990)

*How to Build Horsepower*, Vol. 1 & 2. S-A Design.

Practical cam selection, head flow bench interpretation, manifold tuning.

FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Calculated spark advance values

do not constitute professional engineering advice or ECU calibration recommendations.

All ignition timing calibration should be performed by a qualified engineer using

validated data acquisition equipment under controlled conditions.